Susmi Sapkota
Introduction and Principles of Individualism or Self-esteem
Individualism is a political and social philosophy emphasizing individual freedom’s significance. It is also known as self-esteem which encompasses a variety of interpretations, incorporating forms such as ethical, possessive, and methodological individualism, each characterized by its complex ideas.[1] In an individualistic culture, the focus is on the individual rather than the collective, emphasizing attributes like uniqueness and individuality, prioritizing personal ambitions, and valuing independence, self-reliance, and privacy.[2] The concept of human dignity is recognized as a fundamental moral principle and serves as a key aspect of individualism.
Individualism is composed of three components – Self-autonomy/reliance, self-responsibility, and uniqueness.[3] Self-autonomy indicates the ability to make independent decisions and act according to one’s judgment. Self-reliance highlights the capacity to depend on one’s resources, skills, and judgment when confronting life’s challenges. It involves developing the confidence and skills necessary to address difficulties independently rather than relying heavily on external support. Self-responsibility pertains to taking accountability for one’s actions and acknowledging the consequences that arise from those decisions.[4] On the other hand, uniqueness highlights that each person possesses their own identity, shaped by personal experiences, beliefs, and traits, which sets them apart from the collective.
This philosophy fosters creativity, innovation, and personal development by encouraging individuals to celebrate their uniqueness and resist the pressure to confirm to societal norms. By embracing their differences, individuals can explore new ideas and perspectives, fostering a deeper sense of self-expression and growth. While providing a basis for freedom and self-expression, the concept of individualism also sparks ongoing discussions about finding the right balance between individual rights and the well-being of the community.[5]
Self-esteem in Asian Society
Historically, Asia has been grounded in collective values, yet the appreciation for individuality can be traced back to ancient Asian cultures. Throughout history, scholars often embraced a lifestyle known as eremitism, valuing their decision to withdraw from society as a means of expressing their independence. In the 21st century, the idea of individualism has evolved differently between Europe and Asia, shaped by distinct cultural perspectives. While European culture tends to emphasize independence and self-reliance, viewing individuals as autonomous entities, Chinese culture sees individuals as integral parts of a larger familial, social, political, and cosmic whole. This contrasts with the modern understanding of individualism in Europe.[6]
In Hindu tradition, individualism is deeply rooted in spiritual principles and the broader pursuit of self-realization. Unlike the Western focus on personal autonomy and independence, Hinduism prioritizes individual spiritual development within a collective societal context. The ultimate aim in Hindu philosophy is moksha (liberation), representing profound self-awareness and the discovery of one’s true self, beyond the constraints of ego. This form of individualism emphasizes inner freedom and enlightenment, achieved not in isolation but in harmony with one’s duties to society and the universe.[7]
In Hindu scriptures, special emphasis is given to the relation between Brahma and Aatma. While Brahma refers to the divine soul of God or the universal force, Aatma is the individual who is considered a part of Brahma. A detailed description of the spiritual relation between the human soul or individual and the divine soul is found in Hindu scriptures.[8] The significant scripture, the Upanishads, provides philosophical and insightful descriptions of the nature and relationship of God, the Supreme Being, Brahma, and the Self (Aatma). This can also be regarded as an auxiliary interpretation of the spiritual aspect of the Vedas.[9] According to the Upanishads, the Aatma is the true essence of an individual, which exists separate from the physical body and mind. The Atma is eternal and unchanging, while Brahma is identical to the absolute reality.[10]
The nature of the Aatma and its relationship with the universe is discussed in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The statement ‘Aham Brahmasmi’ (I am Brahma) mentioned in the Upanishad emphasizes the unity of the individual self with the absolute reality. In the Chandogya Upanishad, this is referred to as ‘Tat Tvam Asi’ meaning ‘That is You’, which signifies the idea of unity between the individual and the universal.[11]
As described in Hindu scriptures, the relation between the self and the divine soul, thus, reflects the essence of individualism through the concept of self-experience. This understanding of the concept empowers individuals to recognize their internal values and identity. Also, it encourages the individual to seek personal truth and fulfill their unique dharma (duty) without external social pressure.
Similarly, aspects of individualism through the concept of self-experience are also found to be reflected in Bhagavad Gita. It encourages individuals to fulfill their duties or dharma and calls for focusing on the inner self rather than external achievements. Lord Krishna’s advice to Arjuna, which is prominently highlighted in the Gita, emphasizes the importance of recognizing one’s identity beyond the physical body and mind and acting by his Dharma.[12]
The Bhagavad Gita includes the principles of Individualism with a focus on self-experience, personal duty (dharma), and the idea of living a truthful life. This encourages the individual to understand their true self (soul). Instructing Arjuna to prioritize his duty (dharma) without focusing on the outcomes, Lord Krishna emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and moral choices in Bhagavad Gita. The essence of the Gita suggests that individuals should embrace their uniqueness and make choices that reflect their true selves.
Similarly, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali support individualism by providing a practical framework for self-experience and personal spiritual growth. The primary aim of yoga practice is to calm the mind, allowing individuals to experience their true selves separate from the fluctuations of the mind and the body.[13]
It can be said that this promotes the idea that every individual is responsible for their spiritual journey. By emphasizing self-discipline, mindfulness, and self-reflection, the Yoga Sutras encourage individuals to recognize their inner landscape, make wise choices, and forge their paths toward knowledge.
Individualism and Self-esteem in Modern Society
As the modern world shifts towards individualism, it reflects the broader value system encompassing perspectives on human nature, and a belief in political, economic, social, and religious frameworks. It significantly prioritizes self-reliance, privacy, and mutual respect, while advocating for minimal interference from the government or other collective organizations in individuals’ lives. The individualistic perspective argues that the interests of the average adult are best served by granting them maximum freedom and responsibility to set their own goals and determine the means to achieve them. Individualism includes a property system that offers each person the greatest opportunity to acquire, manage, and dispose of property as they see fit.[14]
This approach has played a crucial role in shaping economic theory, particularly influencing the rise of market capitalism. It advocates for a free-market system where individuals have the freedom to innovate, compete, and engage in business as autonomous agents, which, in turn, stimulates economic growth and overall prosperity.[15]
While individualism may appear to be a new concept in Nepal, it has deeper roots intertwined with traditional collectivist values. Nepali culture has traditionally emphasized shared responsibilities, with people often placing the needs of their family or community above their desires. However, in recent years, individualism has become more noticeable as people are influenced by global cultures and modern education systems. As societal dynamics shift, cultural norms are evolving to embrace a greater focus on individual choices and personal goals. More people are aligning their decisions with personal aspirations, reflecting the growing acceptance of individualism alongside traditional values.[16]
Conclusion
Individualism influence encourages many to pursue their personal goals and ambitions. Additionally, economic opportunities and urbanization are significant factors contributing to this shift. As individuals seek financial independence and strive for personal success, they increasingly prioritize their interests, reflecting a broader movement toward individualism.[17]
[1] Soares, C. (2018). The Philosophy of Individualism: A Critical Perspective. International Journal of Philosophy and Social Values, 1(1), 11-34. https://doi.org/10.34632/philosophyandsocialvalues.2018.2664
[2] MasterClass. (Nov 14, 2022). Individualistic culture. MasterClass. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/individualistic-culture
[3] Realo, A., Koido, K., Ceulemans, E., & Allik, J. (2002). Three components of individualism. European Journal of Personality, 16(3), 163-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.437
[4] NeuroLaunch editorial team. (september 15 2024). Individualism: Psychology definition. NeuroLaunch. https://neurolaunch.com/individualism-psychology-definition/
[5] McKee, D. (April 18 2024). Individualism: Definition. Doc McKee. https://docmckee.com/oer/soc/sociology-glossary/individualism-definition/
[6] Le Thu Trang. (2024). Individualism in Europe: A comparison to Asia. International Journal of Social Science and Education Research Studies, 4(5), 415-419. https://doi.org/10.55677/ijssers/V04I5Y2024-09
[7] Danino, M. (2018, October 4). The individual and the collective in Indian thought. The New Indian Express. https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2018/Oct/04/the-individual-and-the-collective-in-indian-thought-1880928.html
[8] Corley, K. (2023, November 21). Existence & nature of the self in Eastern philosophy. Study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/existence-nature-of-the-self-in-eastern-philosophy.html
[9] Wikibook.org. https://ne.wikibooks.org/wiki/उपनिषद
[10] Olivelle, P. (2024, September 24). Upanishad. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Upanishad
[11] Smith, B. K. , Basham, . Arthur Llewellyn , Doniger, . Wendy , Buitenen, . J.A.B. van , Dimock, . Edward C. , Narayanan, . Vasudha and Gold, . Ann G. (2024, September 2). Hinduism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism
[12] Malinar, A. (2015). Religious pluralism and processes of individualisation in Hinduism. Religion, 45(3), 386–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2015.1024038
[13] Capelle, B. (2022). [Review of the book Enlightened Individualism: Buddhism and Hinduism in American Literature from the Beats to the Present, by Kyle Garton-Gundling]. American Literary History 34(4), 1629-1632. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/878584.
[14] Lukes, S. M. (2024, October 7). individualism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/individualism
[15] McKee, D. (April 18 2024). Individualism: Definition. Doc McKee. https://docmckee.com/oer/soc/sociology-glossary/individualism-definition/
[16] NGLearn. (2023, September 15). Increasing individualism in modern Nepali society (class-12). Krishna000.com.np. https://krishna000.com.np/increasing-individualism-in-modern-nepali-society/
[17] NGLearn. (2023, September 15). Increasing individualism in modern Nepali society (class-12). Krishna000.com.np. https://krishna000.com.np/increasing-individualism-in-modern-nepali-society/